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1) Polaroid basically stopped evolving at the Land camera because Edwin Land ended up essentially developing the National Reconaissance Office.

    Two individuals were driving forces behind the decision to build a photoreconnaissance satellite for the US. They were James Killian, Jr., president of MIT, and Edwin Land of the Polaroid Corporation. Killian chaired a committee that was established to examine the threat of a surprise attack on the United States. Land chaired a panel that was responsible for finding approaches to monitor the military capabilities of the USSR (Deutch, 1995). Their names come up in a number of the articles in the monograph. A third name, related to implementing the decision, also appears often in Corona's story--Richard Bissell. He was a visionary of the 1950s who saw that the assessment of international tensions during in the Cold War--with its nuclear weapons threat--required more than simply accurate political intelligence, but also accurate factual information to determine the practical effects of tactical and strategic political moves. Bissell saw that the way to collect this kind of information was by applying technology to intelligence problems (Ranelagh, 1987). As a CIA program manager in the U-2 and Corona era, he brought technology to bear on the decisions associated with creating a national-level strategic reconnaissance capability for the US.

    Donald Welzenbach opens his article with the influence of Edwin Land in the development of the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft and Bissell's role in implementing the program. Welzenbach goes on to discuss the involvement of many other government and contractor personnel who were associated with the early development of strategic reconnaissance in the US. He makes it clear that these individuals laid the foundation for Corona, with many of them continuing to be affiliated with the Corona program. What at first might seem to be independent programs is actually a continuum of technological development.

Basically from the U-2 to the Manned Orbiting Laboratory all photo reconnaissance for the United States passed through optical blocks and capture technology invented, developed, refined and deployed by Edwin Land. His company, meanwhile, had to effectively fend for itself because its chief scientist was off saving the world from Communism.

2) That's a TLR or Twin Lens Reflex camera. They're horrible. They're the Hipster's Hipster's camera. At least, that's my opinion. They're the sort of thing you use when you want to shoot on gigantic film (they take 120/220) but don't want to spend any money on lenses. The one the hipsters like the best is the Rolleiflex which can still be yours for a mere six grand.

3) The third is a field camera. They're for taking ridiculously large negatives, which made a lot of sense back when film was shit. I had a Voigtlander Avus but never got around to cutting my own film for it because trying to make a 6x9cm of Velvia in perfect darkness was the stuff of nightmares, and then you have to develop it.

They're cool to put on a curio shelf. Do not try to use them. ;-)